Simulates the default figure through a reader's eyes (normal vision for zoom).
Comparison & ranking
Rank and contrast categories — bars, lollipops, dumbbells and their kin.
Bar chart: Ranked categories, one house color each.Grouped bar: Categories split by a second variable.Lollipop: A lighter bar chart for ranked values.Dumbbell chart: Two points per row joined by a segment showing change.Slope chart: Before and after, two points.Bullet graph: Measure bar, target tick and qualitative bands.Pareto chart: Sorted bars, a cumulative line and an 80% mark for the vital few.Radar / spider: Many criteria on radial axes.Variable-width columns: Height, width and area each carry a variable.Column range: High-low intervals per category; temperature ranges, confidence intervals.Population pyramid: Age and sex, back to back.Parliament hemicycle: One dot per seat, coloured by party, with a majority line.Waterfall: A running total, step by step.
Time series & trends
How a value moves over an ordered axis — lines, areas and event timelines.
Line chart: A value over an ordered axis, one line per series.Multi-line: Two series over time with points.Area chart: How a whole made of categories evolves over time.Stacked area: Composition of series over time.Step / stairs: A value that changes at discrete points.Horizon chart: Banded, folded area for dense time series.Streamgraph: Stacked areas on a wiggle baseline over time.Candlestick (open-high-low-close): Open-high-low-close price bars.Bollinger bands: A price series with a 20-day average and ±2σ bands, a squeeze then a breakout.Connected scatter: A trajectory through points ordered by time, with year labels and end markers.Calendar heatmap: A value per day across weeks.Timeline: Dated milestones on a spine with alternating callouts.Gantt: A schedule, start to end.Spectrogram: Time x frequency x power heatmap of a clip.Difference chart: Two series with the gap shaded bicolour.
Distributions
The shape, spread and skew of one variable — histograms, boxes, densities.
Histogram: A single distribution, binned.Box plot: Spread, quartiles and outliers per group.Violin plot: KDE density per group, mirrored.Density (KDE): A smoothed distribution curve.Rug + density: Raw values as ticks beneath a density curve.Ridgeline / joyplot: Stacked, overlapping densities, one per group.Beeswarm: Force-packed points, no overlap.Strip plot: Every point, jittered by group.Wilkinson dot plot: One dot per observation, binned and stacked.Letter-value (boxen): Nested quantile boxes for large samples.ECDF: empirical cumulative distribution function (ECDF), stepped.Error bars: A mean with its uncertainty interval.Bell curve: Normal distribution with configurable mean and standard deviation.Q-Q plot: Is this sample normal?P-P plot: Empirical vs theoretical CDF probabilities.
Correlation & multivariate
Relationships between two or more measures — scatters, pair matrices, projections.
Scatter: Two variables, colored by group.Bubble: Four variables at once.Hexbin density: Many points binned into hexagons.2D-KDE contour: bivariate kernel density estimate (KDE) as filled level sets.Joint plot: Scatter with marginal histograms.Pair plot / SPLOM: A scatterplot matrix of several variables.Parallel coordinates: Many variables on shared axes.Andrews curves: Each row a Fourier-series curve, coloured by class.RadViz: Points spring-embedded inside a ring of features.Regression + confidence-interval (CI) band: A fitted line with a 95% confidence band.Residual plot: Residuals vs fitted, with a zero rule.Gaussian process: Posterior mean, 95% band and sampled functions.Convex hull: A grouped scatter with a hull around each cluster.Ternary plot: Three parts summing to 100% on a triangle.
Matrices & heatmaps
Values on a grid, colour-encoded — heatmaps, clustermaps, confusion and correlation.
Annotated heatmap: A value matrix with per-cell labels.Clustermap: Heatmap reordered by hierarchical clustering.Interpolated heatmap: A smoothly interpolated value field (imshow).Correlation matrix: Which variables move together.Confusion matrix: Where a classifier is right and wrong.Interruption matrix: Who cuts whom, at a glance (hover the crosshair).
Part-to-whole & composition
Slices and nested parts of a whole — donuts, treemaps, waffles, flows into stages.
Donut: A compact part-to-whole.100% stacked bar: Parts of a whole across quarters.Waffle chart: A proportion as a grid of squares.Pictorial unit chart: An ISOTYPE icon array where one icon encodes a fixed count.Mosaic / marimekko: Column width and segment height each encode a share.Treemap: Hierarchical parts, area by size.Sunburst: Hierarchy as nested rings.Icicle: Rectangular partition of a hierarchy.Circle packing: Nested circles for a sized hierarchy.Nightingale rose: Polar-area wedges, radius by value.Cycle wheel: Directed ring of proportional arcs for a recurring process.Funnel: Stage-to-stage drop-off.
Hierarchies, networks & flows
Nodes, edges and movement — trees, graphs, chords, Sankeys.
Node-link network: Force-directed graph, hover to highlight.Arc diagram: Nodes on a line, links as arcs above.Dendrogram: Hierarchical clustering with a merge-height axis.Tree diagram: A tidy node-link hierarchy.Org chart: Top-down boxes for role and headcount, coloured by division.Radial tree: A hierarchy laid out on concentric rings.Force-directed graph: A 318-author co-authorship network in six communities.Edge bundling: Relations bundled along a radial hierarchy.Elbow detection: Kneedle finds the elbow of a diminishing-returns curve (choosing k).Chord diagram: Ribbons between categories; arc size is the total.Dependency wheel: Directed circular flows, arcs sized by throughput, ribbons by origin.Sankey diagram: Flows between stages, width proportional to volume.Alluvial / parallel sets: Category membership flowing across axes.Parallel sets: Categorical ribbons across class, sex, age and survival, width by count.Packed bubbles: Circles sized by value, packed and coloured by group.
Maps & spatial
Values in geographic or directional space — thematic maps, spike maps, wind and vector fields.
Situation map: Layered reference map of a region.Binned grid map: Values counted into square grid cells over a place.Hexbin tile map: Values binned into a hex tessellation of a place.Geographic hexbin: Point events binned into hexagons on a world map.Spike map: Vertical spikes sized by value at map points.Dot-density map: One dot per N people, showing where a population lives.Quiver: A vector field of arrows by direction and magnitude.Streamplot: Integrated streamlines with arrowhead markers.Wind-barb station plot: Staffs point from the wind, pennant 50kt, barb 10kt, half 5kt, across a cold front.Wind rose: Stacked polar bars of frequency by direction.Polar plot: A line or scatter on an angular axis.
Model evaluation & science
Diagnostics and scientific plots — ROC, calibration, survival, forest, volcano.
ROC curve: Classifier trade-off, with AUC.Precision-recall curve: Precision against recall, with the average precision.Calibration curve: Predicted probability against observed frequency.Cumulative gain: Model vs baseline vs perfect targeting.Manhattan plot: −log10 p-values across the genome, peaks above the significance line.Volcano: Effect size versus significance.Kaplan–Meier: Survival over time, per arm.Forest plot: Per-study effect sizes and a pooled estimate.Bland-Altman: Agreement: difference vs mean of two methods.
Gauges, 3-D, sets & the rest
KPI gauges, projected 3-D, set intersections, and one-of-a-kind figures.
Venn / Euler: Overlapping sets, each region sized by its count.UpSet plot: Set intersections as bars over a matrix, Venn beyond three sets.Voronoi tessellation: Catchment cells coloured by group, with seed points.Embedding projector: 2D word-embedding map; hover a word for its nearest neighbours.Word cloud: Words sized by frequency, coloured by theme.Speaking time: Who spoke, and for how long (donut).Radial gauge: A needle over coloured zones with a big readout.Liquid gauge: A disc filled with wavy liquid to a percentage, a reservoir at 63%.Radial bar: Bars wrapped around a polar axis.3D surface: A static 3-D surface via offline projection.3D wireframe: A projected surface mesh, slowly rotating.3D scatter: Projected 3D points with a slow turntable.3D bar: Depth-shaded bars on a grid; use sparingly.